1970s? - Active Cord Mechanism - Shigeo Hirose from the Tokyo Institute of Technology
Latest incarnation (as of 03?) - ACM-R3 (MORI, M.; Hirose, S.; "Three-dimensional serpentine motion and lateral rolling by active cord mechanism ACM-R3," IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 829-834 vol.1, Oct. 2002)
1992 - Shan -- vertical pins, using obstacles for locomotion, rigid-links. Flat floors, concertina.
1992 - Joel Burdick / Greg Chirikjian - "Snakey" - discrete parts, linear actuators? Curves in R3? "Algorithm for fitting manipulator segments to [a] desired curve" (Dowling). Calculus of variations mothod for calculating curves. Cost functions. Obstacle avoidance. Used rachet wheels for some snakes. Sidewinding in [Burdick 95]. Sork on geometric phases to describe robot locomotion [Kelly 95]
1995 - The Quake Snake aka Orochi, w/ Ikeda and Takanashi
seven-segment device, really really great joint mechanisms. "great promise for real applications." key lesson (from dowling): effective packaging of the mechanism, slim design, and modularity.
1995 - Margin Nilsson, Swedish Institute for CS, neat 3-DOF U-joint-like joint, makes the rolling gaits possible. Also, leaning techniques for using differences in static and dynamic friction for locomotion (e.g. concertina).
Referenced later by CMU as a joint-drive "Angular Swivel Design" robot
1996 - Karl Paap, GMD in Germany, snake devices to demonstate real-time control. Sections of cable to curve along several short segments. Joining segments (with the actual actuators) do not move. Limited locomotion, but "the cable drives have been a design challnege".
Interesting because: there are rib-like segments, using cable drives, that connect between non-adjoining segments.
Two separate parts: ribbed parts and actuator-holding parts. Can be combined, and would look like our stuff.
1997 - Dowling Dissertation - "Limbless Locomotion: Learning to Crawl with a Snake Robot"
There's a "drive shaft spine" running down the center of the robot -- but it's just a U-jointed shaft for power -- actually, it does seem to be a structural spine, as well.
Pneumatic bellows for actuation, compliance, stiffness control
Sorta like rib-actuation, using pneumatics: Actuator Paper